User Manual KITS™ V3.03

Build 600

30th August 2005

Contents

What does KITS™ do?
Whats New In This Version
Versions & Support
System Requirements
Software Installation / Removal
Online Manual
General Overview
Getting Started
Preferences
Quick Tour / Demonstration
Autotest
Using The Meter Reading Sheet
Loss Testing Sheet
Suggested Operating Sequence for Loss Testing Sheet
Memory Download
Label Printing
Manual Data Logging
Automatic Data Logging
Customising The Workbook and Creating a Template
Contact us
Appendix A Options & Actions
Appendix B Improved Accuracy In Optical Attenuation Testing
Appendix C KITS™ Customisation Instructions
End-User License Agreement for Kingfisher Software
Warranty

What does KITS™ do?
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KITS™ software is a high performance data acquisition and reporting solution for testing fiber optic power, loss and return loss.
It includes Cable Acceptance Reporting, Data Logging, Label Printing and a Real Time Display.

KITS™ software connects to KI 7000 Series Power Meters or Loss Test Sets to perform real time data acquisition and instrument control. Measurement data from other incompatible instruments can be entered manually.

This means that KITS™ can be used across any size of organisation as a true enterprise level solution for performing measurement, reporting and database entry.

Benefits include improved productivity, lower required skill level, higher measurement confidence and extensive report customising capability. KITS™ enables customized professional reporting to your customers, while making the measurement process simpler and faster. KITS™ can be easily modified for any other language, including Chinese, Arabic etc.

In typical fiber optic cable acceptance testing operations, about 50% of the testing cost is related to field operations and the other 50% is related to office procedures related to reporting and database entry. KITS™ greatly reduces the field testing cost, and practically eliminates the office procedures.

KITS™ can form an essential element in the creation and maintenance of a corporate database of cable information, since data files can be easily interfaced to most databases though Excel import utilities built into commercial database software, or using Excel Smart Tags if used with Office XP or beyond.

KITS™ User Version is built into Excel, and is a convenient out-of-the-box solution for most users, which can be easily customised in many ways.

KITS™ Programmer Version is a software toolkit designed so that a VB programmer can quickly create a highly customised solution using convenient software objects in a variety of applications programs.

 

Whats New In V3.03
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New in this version V3.03

  • 2nd generation Windows XP compatible program using Microsoft .net technology
  • Macros removed from spreadsheet
  • Supports 1 - 4 wavelength instruments
  • Faster loading & improved productivity
  • Turns laser on for manufacturing specific applications
  • Improved capacity
  • Scans attached instrument for supported wavelengths
  • Faster data logging
  • Program Installation screens in English, French, German, Spanish and Chinese Simplified
  • No need to re-customise templates every time KITS™ is updated
  • Requires Windows 2000 or later, and Office 2000 or later

New in V3.02

  • CWDM loss testing
  • Protect test results with a password in Preferences
  • Support for printing labels with custom fiber numbering
  • Custom report filenames can be used
  • Supports one wavelength memory download
  • Last version to support Windows 95 / 98 / ME and Office 97 onwards

New in V3.00

  • Improved support for 2 way Autotest in Loss Testing Sheet
  • Meter Reading Sheet support for 2 way Autotest and Return loss
  • Bug fixes and refinements
  • Improved instrument communications response time
  • Printing support for return loss
  • Support for US distance units
  • New digital security certificate
  • Intergrated update and set-up into one program
 

Versions & Support
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There are two KITS™ license versions:

  • User version 3.03U - with instrument link for direct data transfer to an Excel spreadsheet.
  • Programmer Version 3.02P - Programmer's tool: for programming software objects into other 32 bit programs such as web browsers, Labview, PowerPoint, Word etc. Ideal for creating fully customised solutions.

For support, visit our Web site at www.kingfisherfiber.com, contact your agent, or e-mail us on Sales.

To receive technical support, let us know your KITS™ version and build number, located in KITS™, under Kingfisher \ about KITS™, and also your instrument firmware version and serial number. The instrument firmware version is displayed during instrument start-up, and the serial number is on the rear label.

If you have ideas for useful features or changes, please send your comments to Bruce. We may be able to add your ideas to a future release.

System Requirements
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  • Microsoft Windows 2000- (tested on XP). Earlier versions of Windows do not work.
  • Microsoft Office 2000 - (tested on XP) Uses Excel. Earlier versions of Office do not work.
  • 47 MB of disk space
  • RS232 serial communications port. Alternatively a USB port can be used with Kingfisher option OPT188, a USB to RS232 converter cable, which is installed on the computer as a device.
  • This release of KITS™ is fully functional with any KI 7000 series Power Meter or Loss Test Set with firmware version 5.00 or later. It is backward compatible with earlier firmware versions, which may provide reduced functionality. The firmware version is displayed on the instrument LCD during turn on. Firmware upgrades must be performed at a service centre.
  • If using the software with a KI76xx series power meter, a suitable Autotest compatible light source is required for optimum functionality when testing at more than one wavelength.
  • Successive link testing with a power meter or simple Loss Test Set can be used to achieve bi-directional loss measurements, although this is a great deal faster if done in one step with a Two-Way tester.
  • Measurement of Two Way (bi-directional) Loss requires a pair of suitable Two-Way Loss Test Sets.
  • Measurement of ORL (Optical Return Loss) requires one Two-Way + ORL Tester.


Software Installation / Removal
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To install KITS™, the user must be logged into the computer using the administrator profile, or other profile with local administrator rights.

Before installation, first ensure that the following programs are installed: -

  • .net Framework v1.1 (free download from Microsoft) and service packs
  • .net Framework Language Pack (free download from Microsoft)
  • Microsoft Office 2000 or later (Excel is required).

The .net framework and service packs may have been automatically installed as part of Windows updates.
To check: Start / Settings / Control Panel / Add-Remove Programs / look for "Microsoft .net Framework...."
Note that to apply all .net service packs using Windows Update, typically requires 3 update / install cycles.

  • If installing from a CD: Insert disk into CD drive, the CD will auto-start, and you can select the option to install KITS™.
  • If installing from a file: Double click on the setup.exe file, and the set-up program will start. In some IT configurations this file should be run from the local machine.
  • If you accept the licence conditions, select Yes.
  • Specify if the icon should be visible to all users of this PC, or name a specific profile.
  • Accept the default installation directory C:\Program Files \ Kingfisher \KITS, or specify another directory (advisable to retain previous customisations). Installed at the same time are convenient sub-directories for data, reports and templates.
  • Accept where Set-up puts icons on the desktop and task bar, or change the settings. Alternatively, to manually create a shortcut right click on the installed C:\Program Files \ Kingfisher \ KITS \ Templates \ KITSDefault.xls, and select Create Shortcut.
  • If setup is run again, the user will be prompted to perform a repair, modify (custom) or uninstall.
  • Having now installed KITS™, run the program. You will be shown an initial splash screen saying that it is 'Searching for compatible power meter...'. If you do not have a power meter connected at the time, click on the splash screen to enter the application. Go straight to Tools \ Add-ins and tick the 'Kiforms' box. You only need to do this on initial installation. This will allow the units to fully interface with the software when later connected.

KITS™ must be properly installed. Do not attempt to move the program or change related directory names after installation.

Note:

  • If updating from a previous version of KITS™, accept where set-up backs up templates, reports and data files, or specify another installation directory. However, if you have customised KITS™ (eg. to change logos or error messages), perform a manual back-up of the previous version before proceeding.
  • To use a comma for the decimal point: This is set in the Windows regional settings. If it hasnt been done already, select My Computer \ Control Panel \ Regional Settings \ Number, enter a comma , for the decimal symbol, and OK.
  • To use miles for distances: This is set in the Windows regional settings. If it hasnt been done already, select My Computer \ Control Panel \ Regional Settings \ Number, select US for the measurement system, and OK. To use km for the distance select "Metric" for the measurement system.
  • Excel tip: MS Outlook is usually installed as part of MS Office. If the Outlook Journal function is not used, you can speed up all other applications by turning this off. Open Outlook, select Tools \ Options \ Journal tab, and de-select all items in Also record files from. Select OK and exit.
  • If KITS™ seems to hang for no reason on a laptop, this may be due to the laptop power management settings. KITS™ is a real-time data acquisition program, and computer power management settings may need to be modified or disabled.

    •  

    Online Manual
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    • Help Hints. The on-line help icon links to the online manual, which encourages users to learn faster.
    • Get around the on-line manual using the Next Section and Back to contents page hyper-links.
    • There are two different help arrangements. There is an on-line html document, and a separate MSWord document. The Word document can be easily edited by users to allow for specific work instructions, languages etc.
      • To print the MSWord manual: Go to the KITS™ directory, open the User Guide.doc file, and print it.
    • To return to the spreadsheet, use the back button on the Web toolbar (normally a light blue arrow on left side), or select Excel on the Windows start bar.

     

    General Overview
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    The KITS™ Excel Workbook contains five Sheets, and links with a KI 7000 Series ORL & Two Way Loss Tester, One Way Loss Test Set or Power Meter. The software provides full interactive control & measurement acquisition.

    • Loss & Return Loss Testing Sheet - For cable acceptance testing applications, this enables direct report writing and pass / fail determination as the test is performed, at up to 2 wavelengths per test.
    • Data Logging Sheet - For flexible data logging of loss at one wavelength. Includes a graph and statistical functions.
    • Label Printing Sheet - For printing labels with test results from the Loss Testing worksheet, These labels are typically for attached to patch leads, equipment racks, log books etc.
    • Meter Reading Sheet - This gives a large real time power meter display on your computer screen, and includes a data table that is otherwise hidden on the instrument display.
    • Meter Dump Sheet - For a simple instrument memory dump when testing with 3 - 4 wavelengths at a time.

    KITS™ is written using Microsoft .Net technology. This enables powerful features to be embedded within a program format that looks and feels like a familiar program (Excel), even though major new features are provided.
    An Excel user of average ability can easily modify the KITS™ Excel spreadsheet. Terminology, language and extra reporting data fields are easily changed.

     

    Getting Started
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    1. Connect a KI 7000 Series Power Meter or Loss Test Set to any spare RS232 serial port on the computer, using the supplied connecting lead. Ensure the jack plug is pushed fully into the instrument. Alternatively the OPT188 USB to serial converter cable can be used. This (or any other suitable RS232 - USB adaptor) must first be installed as a device on the computer.
    2. If a new RS232 lead is needed, the connection details are as follows. Some (out of spec) serial ports need a 10 K resistor in the D connector across wires 1 & 2.
      3. Wire 1 Wire 2 Wire 3
      Instrument Jack Plug Body (Gnd) Ring (Tx) Tip (Rx)
      9 Pin D connector Pin 5 (Gnd) pin 2 (Rx) Pin 3 (Tx)
      25 pin D connector Pin 7 (Gnd) Pin 3 (Rx) Pin 2 (Tx)
    3. Turn on the instument(s) and computer. Using suitable fiber optic jumper cables, connect instrument test ports to obtain a reading, and set the instrument(s) to Autotest. Refer to the instrument manuals if needed.
    4. On the computer screen, select the KITS™ icon. The meter reading sheet will appear.
    5. KITS™ scans available ports to find the attached meter. If this fails, check the connection, that the meter is on, and try again.
    6. When KITS™ finds the meter, the meter reading display will appear live on the computer screen. If the instrument is in Autotest mode, the table will fill with real time data. See Autotest.
    7. Note the sheet tabs at the bottom of the screen. Click on these to navigate the various KITS™ worksheets.
    8. When Disconnect is displayed (on a screen button), the meter is connected to the KITS™, so live instrument measurements or memory downloads can be transferred to KITS™. In this mode, the computer controls the instrument, and the front panel buttons are inoperative.
    9. When Connect is displayed, the instrument is not connected. Data can be entered manually into the Loss Testing Sheet, and the user can directly manipulate the instrument controls. This mode is also useful when entering data from other types of instruments, over an intercom etc. To change status, or attempt a re-connection, select this button. Manual data entry can be disabled by password, which prevents accidental over-writing of data. See the next Preferences section for details.
    10. If your instrument has more than two source wavelengths, then for Autotest use with the KITS™ Loss Testing Sheet the instrument will meed to be restricted to measure at only 2 wavelengths.
    • Excel tip: To improve your screen display, On the Excel main toolbar, you can select View \ Full Screen.

     

    Preferences
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    KITS™ preferences enable additional controls or information to be hidden or displayed during operation or printing. These preferences are located in KITS™, under Kingfisher \ Preferences.

    The Preferences General tab manually specifies a COM Port. By default, an automatic Find function usually locates the COM Port. This extra function is useful if multiple meters are connected to the same computer (eg in a laboratory situation). In this situation, an instance of KITS™ is started for each attached instrument, and the COM port specified manually.

    Select from the following User Interface Options: -

    • Hide Standard Excel Toolbars
    • Hide Excel Formular Bar
    • Display Sheet Tabs
    The default setting for these settings is 'selected'.

    Under the Preferences selection of Loss Testing tab, select the Report Display Options. These are: -

    • Show Formula and Cable Details
    • Print Formula and Cable Details
    • Show Extended Projected Information - selected by default
    • Print Extended Project Information - selected by default
    • Allow Manual Entry of Test Results. This includes a password to protect against unauthorised or accidental data modification. The default setting is no password protection.
      Once password protection has been applied, the password can only be removed or changed after re-entering the original password. Don't lose your password!
    Adjust the delay time for the loading of Auto-Test data. The default is 20 seconds, and does not usually require modification

    Under the Preferences selection of Data Logging tab, select the Data Logging Display Options. This is simply an option to Show or not-Show Bottom of the Logging Area.

     

    Quick Tour / Demonstration
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    This demonstrates loss measurement using a source and meter or simple loss test set. Much simpler Two Way Tester operation is then discussed.

    Using a KI 7000 Series Source and Power Meter.

    KITS™ software is assumed to be already installed.

    1. Turn on the instruments. It is convenient to defeat the auto-timeout by holding down the green [POWER] button for 3 seconds during turn on.
    2. Clear the power meter memory: To do this, hold down [CANCEL] & [RECALL MEMORY] together for a few seconds, then clr will show.
    3. Connect the Source and Meter ports with a test lead, and select [AUTOTEST] (on the source). The meter will briefly display auto and then change to Autotest mode without any intervention.
    4. Save say 12 new Autotest meter readings into memory, eg select [STORE] 12 times.
    5. Connect the Power Meter to the PC with the RS232 lead. The RS232 connector on the instrument is an audio jack style connector marked RS232. The nine pin D type connector is suitable for a typical PC.
    6. Start KITS™. KITS™ will find the instrument, and then display the meter reading on the Meter Reading Sheet in real time.   Since the meter is in Autotest mode, all relevant loss testing data is also displayed in the table below, and updated in real time. Use the software controls to start and stop the display update, disconnect and re-connect the meter, and change between absolute and relative display modes. In relative mode, you can set the reference value to zero, or define it as any number. The wavelength control does not operate in Autotest mode.
    7. Select the on-line help icon, and you will find detailed, clear and concise operational instructions written by technical staff for technical staff. Alternatively you can find help from the toolbar by selecting Kingfisher, and then in the drop down, select 'User Manual (Word)' or 'User Manual (HTML)' versions.
    8. Set the Light Source to 'Manual' mode (eg not Autotest). Wait 8 seconds while the meter quits Autotest. Change to the data-logging sheet (use tab at bottom of screen). Select [Start Autolog], name a file, and watch the data logging progress. Try bending the patchlead to create varying losses, and watch the graph auto-scale. You can interrupt this, and then continue. You can easily change any of the auto-logging parameters.
    9. Change to the Loss Testing sheet (tab at bottom of screen). Set the Light Source to 'Autotest' mode.

      Note: The 'Date', 'Report/File No' and 'Meter S/N' have been automatically inserted.

      In the boxes with a blue background, type some project-related text, including the Fiber No. labels. Go to Setup \ Location Setup, and enter the locations of the two ends of the fiber, and select to which end the instrument connected to KITS™ is. You can also enter the number of fibers you are testing. Go to Setup \ Test Setup, and select any of 'Loss Test A > B', 'Loss Test B > A' readings for your report. Select dual wavelength testing. Go to Setup \ Pass/Fail Setup, enter a simple Pass/Fail number or use a standard or custom formula to determine a value.
    10. Still in the loss testing sheet, go to Setup \ Pass/Fail setup, and fill in the cable and optical details as required. A number of interactive defaults in this screen guide the user towards the most common test configurations, however other configurations can also be selected.
    11. To set the reference value: As needed, go to Setup \ Set Reference, and set reference value (with the meter still in Autotest mode).
    12. Now you have set up your test, with the meter still in Autotest mode, click on a green '2nd value', or yellow 'Ref level' cells, and you will get 4 values entered; 2 reference values and two 2nd values. Go ahead, fill some more values, and see how quickly you can work like this


    Using a KI 734x Series ORL & Two Way Loss Test Set.

    If you have an ORL meter then you may do all the same tests as above, as well as to perform the optical return loss readings. An ORL reading is performed from one end of the fiber using the source or left port of the KI 734x ORL & Two Way Loss Test Set.

      1. Connect KITS™ to the ORL meter and connect the fiber to be tested to the meters left port. Check that the location setup correctly indicates to which end of the fiber the instrument is attached. Clicking on the required ORL reading cell for the selected location will automatically initiate the ORL measurement for the selected wavelength and insert the result in the cell. Depending upon the type and purpose of the test, a non reflective termination (eg mandrel wrap) may be required at the remote end of the fibre. Note that ORL measurement is not possible during 1 Way Autotest mode.

        If 2 Way Autotest instruments are used at each end of the fibre under test, then all measurements for that fibre (including ORL from each end) can be automatically entered following a single click on any measurement cell related to that fibre. Both instruments are connected to the fibre using their left port. 2 Way Autotest mode is initiated by pressing the [AUTO TEST] button on either instrument.

      2. In the boxes with a blue background, type some project-related text, including the Fiber No. labels. Go to Setup \ Location Setup, and enter the locations of the two ends of the fiber, and select to which end the instrument connected to KITS™ is. You can also enter the number of fibers you are testing. Go to Setup \ Test Setup, and select any of 'Loss Test A > B', 'Loss Test B > A', 'ORL Test at A' or 'ORL Test at B' readings for your report. Select dual wavelength testing. Go to Setup \ Pass/Fail Setup, enter a simple Pass/Fail number or use a standard or custom formula to determine a value.
      3. Still in the loss testing sheet, go to Setup \ Pass/Fail setup, and fill in the cable and optical details as required. A number of interactive defaults in this screen guide the user towards the most common test configurations, however other configurations can also be selected.
      4. To set the reference value: As needed, go to Setup \ Set Reference, and set reference value (with the meter still in Autotest mode).
      5. Now you have set up your test, with the meter still in Autotest mode, click on a green '2nd value', or yellow 'Ref level' cells, and you will get 4 values entered; 2 reference values and two 2nd values. Go ahead, fill some more values, and see how quickly you can work like this
      6. Go to the Label Printing sheet (use tab at bottom of screen), and select Create Labels. The labels will update to the values you have just entered. Go to Label Setup, and select the Paper Format and Label Format as required (eg company name etc). Any time you want to see how this is progressing, update the display using the Create Labels button.
      7. Go back to the Loss Testing Sheet. Print then save this file. The print-out is your final report, which can also be customised. Then use the Clear button to clear the report as needed. Then from Setup / Location Setup enter details as appropriate, connect KITS™ to 'meter connected at end, go to the downloads tab, and download the 12 readings from the instrument.

      This is a general demonstration of KITS™. There is more information on each option in this manual.

     

    Autotest
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    Autotest synchronises source and meter wavelengths and transfers data along the optical fiber being measured. It requires both source and meter (or both loss test sets) to be Autotest compatible instruments.

    Any combination of KI3800 source, KI74xx source, KI78xx source, KI 7600 meter, KI73xx loss test set or KI77xx loss test set can be used provided a "source" test port is connected to a "meter" test port, for one way testing, or a "two-way" port is connected to a "two-way" port for two way testing, and both ports must have some compatible wavelengths.

    • Initiate 'Autotest' by selecting [AUTOTEST] on the Light Source (or one two way tester), after which the meter and KITS™ will switch to 'Autotest' mode.
    • The Meter Reading screen will automatically show a table of measurement parameters.
    • If a dual wavelength source and meter are used, the Loss Testing Sheet can automatically fill in four values at each keystroke (eg both reference levels and 2nd values for two wavelengths in one direction).
    • If 2 Way Autotest capable instruments are used at each end of a fibre, the Loss Testing Sheet can automatically fill in all values with a single mouse click (ie both reference levels and 2nd values for each wavelength for each direction, plus the Optical Return Loss reading in each direction). This is a total of 8 measurements with one mouse click.
    • The sharing of Autotest measurement data is as follows:
      A light source port can transmit data in one direction to a power meter port.
      A pair of Two-Way ports can transmit data in both directions.

     

    Using the Meter Reading Sheet
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    This sheet allows the user to:

    • see that the instrument and software are connected and working correctly;
    • update a reference value manually or from the meter;
    • view the optical power or return loss reading on the computer screen from a distance;
    • view a live table of 1 or 2 way Autotest data, if the power meter is in 1 or 2 way Autotest mode;
    • change wavelengths, and hold /continue display updates

    Operation can be as follows (most of these operations are actually directly controlling the meter):

    1.  Select Connect if it is displayed, to connect KITS™ and the power meter
    2. To Stop / Start the display update, select the Hold/Continue button.
    3. To change the wavelength display, select the < or > buttons. (not in Autotest mode)
    4. To toggle absolute / relative modes, select the Abs/Rel button.
    5. The Meter Reading display shows various status indicators, e.g.:
      1. Connect / Disconnect
      2. Normal / Autotest
      3. Absolute power in dBm units, relative power in dBr units
      4. Reference value in dBm
      5. Current calibration wavelength in nm
      6. Hold
      7. Return Loss / Normal

        8.  
    6. Below the main display, the Autotest display shows available data when Autotest is in operation.
    7. To set the current meter reading as the new reference, select Set ref (not available in 2 way Autotest mode).
    8. To enter a reference manually, enter the reference value in the box, and select Define ref (not available in 2 way Autotest mode).

     

    Loss Testing Sheet
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    This section of the manual is a general description of this sheet. For specific operation details go to Next Section.

    This sheet automates the task of Optical Attenuation Testing, Acceptance and Reporting

    If your instrument has more than 2 sources fitted, for Automated operation with this worksheet, the instrument must be set to rotate through only 2 wavelengths. Refer to "Getting Started" in this manual.

    • Control all general test parameters, which can be printed on the report.
    • Set the Pass/Fail criteria from a simple limit value, or from a formula. Adjust the formula as required to comply with various standards.
    • Use the top section of the sheet for general record keeping text.
    • Use the middle section of the sheet for particular test details such as fiber count, fiber length and so on.
    • The bottom section of the sheet contains test and Pass/Fail results.
    • The data cells are colour coded:
           light blue cells:    - project text.
           light yellow cells: - automatically inserted data based upon current tet setup options.
           light green cells:  - cells selected for inclusion in the current test also based upon current test setup options

      • Generally using the mouse to click on green or yellow cells will result in automatic insertion of data from the connected instrument.

    • Automatically configure the spreadsheet (using the Setup toolbar) to enable a wide variety of operating methods, such as number of wavelengths, test directions, and combinations of memory downloads or direct data entry. Appendix A is a summary of possible combinations.
    • Dump the contents of an instruments memory into the spreadsheet, mapped as required. So results from several instruments can be put into one report.
    • The spreadsheet supports Autotest operations. This automatically and simultaneously displays as many wavelength results as possible, and generates additional data that is transmitted from source to meter. Autotest is started from the Light Source. If Two Way test instruments are used, 2 way Autotest may be started from either end.
    • Save reports and files in various file formats for compatibility with other software, or printed as labels for attaching to equipment.
    • Clear some or all data. This is handy when creating multiple reports, since the project information generally only changes slightly between each report.
    • Excel tip: Use the Excel fill function to quickly spread a value across many cells. Select the cell to be copied, then place the cursor at the bottom right of the cell so a solid black cross appears. Hold down the left mouse button, drag across the cells that you want filled, and release the button.
    • Attempts to over-write previously entered data, will be prompted before the old data is erased. Acquired data can be password protected (set in the preferences dialog box) to prevent alteration.
    • The 'Min. margin (dB)' column shows the lowest margin between the Pass/Fail value, and the measured average values. This is a handy quick way of examining consistency of results.

    The two way averaging uses correct linear averaging mathematics. The mathematically incorrect calculation produces negligible errors when averaging almost similar numbers, however it effectively amplifies the discrepancies and leads to excessive and increasing lack of consistency between results as the numbers being averaged become less similar. The table demonstrates the process:
     

    Incorrect Maths Correct Maths
    Fiber No. Ref level dBm Ref level dBm 2nd value dBm 2nd value dBm Link loss dB Link loss dB Average Ref level dBm Ref level dBmV 2nd value dBm 2nd value dBm Link loss dB Link loss dB Average Pass/ Fail Min. Margin dB
    A B A B A to B B to A A B A B A to B B to A
    1 0 0 0 -10.00 10.00 0.00 5.00 0 0 0 -10.00 10.00 0.00 2.60

     
    If the results are stated in terms of linear maths, the second result is as follows:

      Loss A to B is 90%
      Loss B to A is 0%

    The average loss is therefore 45%, or efficiency of 55%, or 2.6 dB. The 5 dB result of the incorrect calculation cannot be correct.

    The theoretical reason that averaging log values is invalid, is that averaging involves adding n values (which is OK), and then dividing this by n, which when applied to a log, is effectively taking the n th root.

    For more information on this issue: Improved Accuracy In Optical Attenuation Testing

     

    Suggested Operating Sequence for Loss Testing Sheet
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    1. To get to the Loss Testing sheet, select the Loss Testing tab at the bottom of the screen.
    2. If previous unwanted data is on the sheet, select Clear on the toolbar to clear the data, and select from the choices offered. If the Sheet protection is removed, normal Excel delete commands can still be used, but are less convenient.
    3. Fill relevant project description text on the light blue boxes. This text prints on reports, but does not affect the test data or Pass/Fail criteria.
    4. The default 'Date' and 'Report/File No' names are inserted automatically. The saved file name is auto-incremented each time the Save function is used. You can also manually overwrite these two cells.
    5. Select the Setup button to define the required test.
      • Location Setup specifies test location names, which end the KITS™ and meter are connected to, and the number of fibers.
      • Test Setup specifies which tests are being input, local / remote referencing methods, and wavelengths being tested. Appendix A summarizes the possible combinations.
      • Pass/Fail Setup specifies the optical parameters such as cable details and pass/fail criteria at each wavelength.
      • Memory Download gives quick access to the memory download dialogue.
      • Set Reference provides a convenient form to view and set the optical reference value.
    6. For accurate results with A > B or B > A tests, the meter needs a valid optical reference from the source before starting measurements. KITS™ supports both local and remote referencing methods. To set the reference value from the attached power meter, go to Setup / Set Reference, set up the meter to display the required value, and select Set. To manually set the reference value, type in the value and select Define.
    7. Set up the instruments so that the required power meter display is achieved.
    8. To enter the measurement data: select a cell to enter data in the green 2nd value cell. You can also enter the reference value automatically, and calculate the Pass/Fail status. In dual wavelength Autotest configuration, you can enter all four values simultaneously, depending on the settings in Setup.
    9. If using 1 way instruments, bi-directional measurements can be achieved by performing single direction measurements from each end. The second set of values can be entered directly or downloaded.
    10. You can change the fiber number to any required identifier.
    11. When the report is complete, save the report using the Save button. Prompts will ask for file type, name and location.

    Memory Download
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    • The instrument memory contents can be selectively dumped and mapped into a Loss Testing sheet.
    • You can select from particular blocks of instrument memory, and select how to map these onto a work sheet. Appendix A is a summary of possible combinations of actions.
    1. Select Setup / Location Setup
    2. Specify the data in Meter connected at. This determines how the data will be transferred. Refer to Appendix A if you would like to review the options.
    3. Select Setup / Memory Download.
    4. In the dialog box, select the Start Memory location. This determines the first instrument memory location from which the download will start. The information display lets you verifiy the expected data.  The Matched tick boxes show if the memory wavelengths match the spreadsheet wavelengths. If they do not match, change the spreadsheet wavelengths.  Type will indicate if the stored measurement is for Autotest ('Dual' or 'Dual 2 Way') or Manual ('Single').
    5. Specify No. of Fibers to download. This determines the number of sequential memory locations that will be downloaded.
    6.  Specify the spreadsheet Start at Fiber No. number to start filling. This determines the first fiber in the spreadsheet at which the download will start.
    7. Select OK, and the data will appear on the spreadsheet in the requested format.

    Memory download supports 'power' and 'reference' readings only.

     

    Label Printing
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    To set up your label formats:

    • In the Label Printing tab, select Label Setup. This free-format facility can define the label size and layout, fonts, the format within the label, and a choice of data types. There are various fields to print, for example: Company Name (2), Test Date, Batch, Fibre No., Pass/Fail, Loss Type, Wavelength, Test Result, Link Loss, Patchcord Loss, Return Loss.
    • All fonts installed in Windows are available. To install additional Windows fonts, refer to your Windows manual.
    • Labels showing loss testing results can be printed for attachment to equipment or connecting leads. You can print either sheets of labels, or one at a time on a small label printer.

    To print labels:

    1. In the Loss Testing Sheet, select Print / Print Labels
    2. See what the printed labels will look like with the on-screen display. If this is OK, select Print Labels, or Print 1-by-1 to select and print one label (the numbering is in the same order as the Fiber No.).
    3. Select Create Labels to update the labels.

     

    Manual Data Logging
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    The data-logging sheet does not support Autotest or return loss modes. The Light Source and Power Meter must be in 'manual' mode.

    1. Select the Data Logging tab.
    2. To clear existing data, select the Clear Log button.
    3. To set the wavelength, use the arrow buttons next to Wavelength.
    4. Select the relative mode if required using Relative Mode.
    5. Optionally add a Description, which can be any text you like.
    6. For each click of Manual Reading, a data point is logged. The data point index and the size of the log is automatically incremented.
    7. To undo the last reading, select Undo Reading. This button decreases the data point index, but not the size of log value.
    8. To save the data log, on the toolbar, select Save and enter details in dialog box.
    9. A saved log can be later brought back into the spreadsheet. On the toolbar select Load and enter details in dialog box.
    10. Chose to print 'Data+Summary', 'Graph+Summary' or 'Graph Only'.

     

    Automatic Data Logging
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    The data-logging sheet does not support Autotest or return loss modes. The Light Source and Power Meter must be in 'manual' mode.

    The user specifies the time interval and number of data points to be analysed, stored and plotted on a graph. The data is written directly to disk, to minimise data loss in case of a process interruption.

    1. To set the wavelength, use the arrow buttons next to Wavelength.
    2. Define Size of Log.
    3. Define Log Interval (sec).
    4. To select relative mode, select Relative Mode.
    5. Optionally add a Description, which can be any text you like.
    6. To clear existing data, select Clear Log.
    7. Select Start Autolog to start. You will be asked to select a log file. While logging is in progress, each data point is written direct to disk.
    8. The log finishes when the number of log points reaches the specified size of log. To stop a log before it is completed, use Stop. Select Continue to continue.
    9. The following statistical information is provided: max, min, mean, standard deviation and current reading.
    10. Chose to print 'Data+Summary', 'Graph+Summary' or 'Graph Only'.
    11. A saved log can be brought back into the spreadsheet, using Load.

     

    Customising the Workbook
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    • The software is supplied with a default Excel spreadsheet. You can easily create and recall modified spreadsheets or templates, which is very handy for working on assorted jobs, changing languages, terminology, and so on. For detailed instructions, see Appendix C KITS™ Customisation Instructions
    • Extra rows and columns can be inserted with the usual Excel commands, so that new data can be presented.
    • Modified templates are also useful to store parameters such as printer settings, custom hyperlinks etc, which must be correctly selected when the template is stored.
    • Excel tip: The supplied template is protected to prevent accidental alteration. To enable changes, on the Excel toolbar, select Tools \ Protection \ Unprotect Sheet.
    • Excel tip: To modify column width, in the Excel toolbar select Format \ Column \ Width, and enter required value.
    • To save the workbook as a template, on the toolbar select Kingfisher \ Save Template. To recall this template, you can use Kingfisher \ Open Template to access and run the file. To enable updating of Date and Report/File No.' each time the template is used, clear the Date and Report/File No fields before saving the template.

    Read Appendix C for more details about KITS™ customising.

    • For more extensive customising capability, you may like to ask about the Programmer release of KITS™. This is suitable for an organisation with in-house VB programmers, who can then write their own code to enable special functions. Since the program is written in a multi-tiered approach using Microsofts COM (ActiveX / OLE automation) specification, this is a relatively simple task for a competent programmer.

     

     

    Contact us
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    Kingfisher International Pty Ltd.
    30 Rocco Drive
    Scoresby, Victoria, 3179, Australia

    Freecall:  1 800 807 369,
    Tel:         (613) 9757 4100
    Fax:         (613) 9757 4193
    E-mail:     Sales
    Web site: www.kingfisherfiber.com
     
    6th Edition, August 2005

    Thanks for staying with us
    We hope you enjoy using our software

     

    Appendix A Options & Actions
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    Data Transfer from Meter(s) to KITS™

    Assumption: If a direct transfer, or later download, is performed between an instrument and KITS™, there is no difference in what is transferred.

    Test
    Directions    		 Reference
    Options    		 KITS™ connected
    to meter at    		 Reference 2nd value ORL
    A B A B A B
    A to B Remote Reference
    2 power meters used    		 A X
    B X
    Local Reference
    1 power meter used    		 A
    B X X
    B to A Remote Reference
    2 power meters used    		 A X
    B X
    Local Reference
    1 power meter used    		 A X X
    B
    Bi-Directional
    using successive
    testing    		 Remote Reference
    2 power meters used    		 A X X
    B X X
    Local Reference
    1 power meter used    		 A X X
    B X X
    ORL at A
    ORL at B    		 A X
    B X
    2 Way Autotest
    Bi-Directional    		 2 x Two-Way + ORL
    Testers used    		 A X X X X X X
    B X X X X X X

    A remote reference is usually performed on a "long" link where it is inconvenient to use one power meter to measure the power at both the ends of the link.

    Two power meters are used to perform one loss test in one direction. One power meter is used to measure the Reference Level (eg the light source output power), and the other meter is used to measure the 2nd value at the other end of the link. These measurements are performed sequentially, to minimise the effect of source drift over time. However in this test sequence, the absolute measurement accuracy of the two meters becomes critical. To overcome this defect, this method is commonly combined with in a two-step bi-directional test sequence, and the losses in both directions are averaged. Using this bi-directional process eliminates meter absolute accuracy as a source of measurement error.

    A local reference is performed when one power meter is used to measure both Reference Level and 2nd value measurements. This is commonly used in a situation where both ends of a system can be accessed readily by the one meter (for instance loop-back testing, or bench testing).

    So Bi-Directional testing is commonly used with the remote referencing method in situations where the two ends of the system are far apart. This method eliminates the effect of absolute calibration discrepancies between two power meters. This method is affected only by short-term source stability and power meter linearity. Source long term stability and meter calibration accuracy are both eliminated. So this is the preferred method for telecom use.

     

    Appendix B: Improved Accuracy in Optical Attenuation Testing
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    Summary

    This paper points out a flaw in the industry standard method of calculating bi-directional optical attenuation in optical communications systems, This flaw tends to exaggerate problems due to poor measurement technique, resulting in needless re-work. A simple remedy for this problem is to use a spreadsheet to perform the required calculations.

     

    Current Practice

    Fiber optic communication systems are being installed at a massive rate, to cope with rapidly increasing data communications requirements worldwide.

    A critical part of verifying the cable installation, is measuring end to end optical attenuation. This measurement is important to ensure that the system will perform to specification. The effect of optical attenuation on a typical communications link can be illustrated as follows:

    Maximum attenuation over which the system can operate
    (from transmission equipment specification sheets), say = 25 dB

    Maximum installed cable attenuation with say 6dB
    optical margin to allow for degradation over planned lifetime = 19 dB

    In this example, the attenuation test must ensure that the installed cable attenuation is not more than 19 dB. To ensure this, the tester must make allowance for measurement uncertainty, which is say 1.5 dB, so:

    Maximum measured attenuation will be no more than 19 1.5 dB = 17.5 dB

    The attenuation is commonly calculated by averaging a bi-directional measurement using a remote reference. There are various reasons given for this, but the most important practical reasons are that this method eliminates meter calibration errors and minimises the effects of source drift.

    This paper does not attempt to analyse the various work practices surrounding this process, however it does analyse the outcome, because the simple maths involved contains a fundamental flaw, as follows:

    Attenuation measured in one direction: x

    Attenuation measured in other direction: y

    Average attenuation: (x + y) / 2

    This is of course simple stuff, however the hidden flaw is that it is mathematically incorrect for the logarithmic or dB units, which are commonly used. The example in Table 1 using both linear and logarithmic methods demonstrates this:


     

    Table 1. Example of Mathematical Averaging Error

    Averaging using dB units Averaging using linear units
    Loss in one direction 0 dB 0 %
    Loss in other direction 100 dB 100 %
    Average 50 dB
    (47 dB error)    		 50 %
    (correct 3 dB)

    The mathematically correct answer is 3 dB, which is given by the linear maths. In this example, the error caused by attempting to average logarithms is massive, 47 dB.

    Why is it that the industry standard approach has not been corrected a long time ago? The easy answer is of course that the two numbers being averaged are normally fairly similar, so the discrepancy is smaller and easily missed. It is also much easier to do a simple mental calculation to average almost similar numbers. For example, the average of 3 dB and 3.2 dB is near enough 3.1 dB. Also, it is only recently that field technicians have routinely carried computers.

     
    Problems Resulting From the Averaging Error

    Under ideal measurement situations, the errors are indeed small enough to ignore.

    However when measurements are less than ideal, the more lossy measurement term comes to dominate. In fact, this discrepancy leads to an interesting problem, where all of a sudden all measurements are suspect, and total re-work is demanded. The error is summarised in Graph 1, which shows that the maths error produces real world errors when the (x and y) measurement differences are above 2 dB.

    A Practical Example

    Table 2 shows a 10 fiber cable, measured in each direction (at one wavelength) with a source and meter. For the sake of clarity of numbers, the cable loss is taken to be 0 dB, so the numbers in the table represent extra losses due to poor measurement practice:

    Table 2. Practical Example
    Fiber No Measured loss A>B, dB Measured loss B>A, dB Incorrect Log Average Correct Linear Average
    1 1.00 1.50 1.25 1.24
    2 0.60 1.00 0.80 0.80
    3 1.50 0.80 1.15 1.14
    4 2.00 0.40 1.20 1.14
    5 0.40 2.10 1.25 1.16
    6 0.80 3.00 1.90 1.76
    7 1.80 1.00 1.40 1.38
    8 2.00 0.80 1.40 1.36
    9 1.00 0.50 0.75 0.74
    10 3.00 1.00 2.00 1.89
    Mean 1.31 1.26
    Standard Deviation 0.40 0.36
     
     

    In this example, the error caused by the log method is small but observable, with the 95 % confidence limit shifted by about 0.1 dB. This agrees with the previous statement that the maths error becomes an issue when the measurement discrepancies are of the order of 2 dB (in this case the average is 1.26 dB).

    This example demonstrates that Graph 1 could be used to estimate the errors achieved in any particular situation.

     

    Effect of Using Different Sorts of Test Instruments

    This error is somewhat affected by different sorts of loss testing instruments and working methods. In practical terms, the maths error is most relevant if two separate tests are averaged.

    For example, if a simple source and meter are used to perform a bi-directional test, effectively 2 independent tests are set up and performed, and the maths error will be present.

    If a bi-directional test instrument were used, effectively there would be no maths error due to multiple connector insertions, since the test is only set up once. However, the instrument would still need to use the correct maths internally. This is easily checked by performing a test on, for example, an optical isolator, which should average to only a few dB loss. Also, in this case, random bad connection errors are 100% shown in the final results, so more care is needed to ensure there are no bad connections.

     

    Discussion

    The practical effect of the maths error has been verified in conversations with senior field staff, who readily confirmed that they frequently specified re-testing, or re-work had been requested by others, where they were confident there was no actual problem. Having discussed the error, they agreed that the corrected maths would have resulted in fewer problems.

    The effect of these delays on network specification, repair times and system rollout schedules is real. The solution is now very simple: average the measurements using a spreadsheet, which incorporates the correct linear maths. The use of a PC is now very common for recording results.

    Conclusion

    A maths problem affecting the practical accuracy of end to end attenuation testing has been identified and demonstrated. The result of this problem is needless re-work and delay in cable installation and repairs. Due to the now common use of PC computers, this is easily fixed by use of a spreadsheet set up with the correct linear maths.

    A free spreadsheet with correct maths and suitable for loss testing reporting is available for download on KITS™ software.

    Contact the author: Bruce

    24th August 2005

     

    Appendix C: - KITS™ Customising Instructions
    Next Section     Back to contents page

    KITS™ is supplied with an English user interface. The language, terminology or displayed data can be customised by anyone with a reasonable working knowledge of Excel and Notepad:

    • New rows and columns can be inserted, to display new data as required.
    • Most items within worksheet cells can be renamed. A few are modified by the KITS™ program, and can not be changed.
    • Items in the KITS™ menu bar, dialog windows and error messages are defined in a separate text file, which can be edited.
    • KITS™ also contains an XML map.
    • Other modifications to VB code can be performed with the programmer version, which is not discussed in this note.

    Languages such as Chinese, Arabic etc require special fonts sets and other language specific programs so that the computer can display the correct symbols.

    Modifying Spreadsheet Cells
    • Cell that change contents during the running of the program need not be changed. They are overwritten by the program.
    • Do not modify the contents of cells containing formulas.
    • To modify the buttons, the logo, and the Internet URL: modify the file caption.txt to assigning new items (see section on other customisable items).
    • The explanatory note in the upper right corner is a drawing. To change this, delete it and make a new drawing. The drawing should be grouped together into a single item.
    1. Remove sheet protection (using Tools / Unprotect Sheet menu in Excel). Then modify the text in the cells as required.
    2. Remember to re-apply sheet protection when the required changes are done!


    Modifying Menu Bar, Dialog Boxes and Error Messages

    Open the text file named "errmsgs.txt". This file contains messages organised by message numbers. The file also contains comments that explain the usage of the messages in KITS™. The messages can be modified as required. The comments can be left unchanged or deleted.

    The messages in "errmsgs.txt" some times contain trailing space characters. These space characters are significant. When translating into another language, the trailing spaces must be preserved. Otherwise, the resulting error messages may be incorrectly formatted.


    Other Customisable Items

    The following items that appear in the workbook are customised in the file caption.txt installed into the "Custom" subfolder. To perform customisation, this should be modified. It can be edited with Windows notepad.

    • The name of the custom toolbar can be changed. This is the first line in the "caption.txt" file
    • The caption of the first menu item on the custom toolbar can be changed. This is the second line in the "caption.txt" file.
    • The Internet URL can be customised. This is the third line in the "caption.txt" file.
    • The background image in the start-up screen can be customised. This image is provided through an image file. The image can be any of the following formats: bmp, gif or jpg. The name of the file containing the image is specified in the fourth line of the "caption.txt" file.
    • The logo used in the worksheets can be customised. This image is provided through an image file. The image can be of any of the following formats: bmp, gif or jpg. The name of the file containing the image is specified in the fifth line in the "caption.txt" file.
    • The name of the program can be customised. This is the sixth line in the "caption.txt" file.
    • The name of the help file can be customised. A different help file can be specified to be used with KITS™. The name of this new help file must be specified as the seventh line in "caption.txt" file.

    errmsgs.txt File Format

    The format is defined as follows ({} denotes data which is optional):

    [error code]

    {<Part#>} {@}Error text part

    {@} another line of the same error text part

    {<Part#>} {@}Error text part

    {@} another line of the same error text part

    [error code]

    .

    [end]

     

    Format Description

    [error code] error code identifier which is a numeric constant. This constant if of type of long integer. Any text below an error code line and the next error code line is regarded as parts of the error message.

    <Part#> - identifies parts of a multipart message text. If two lines of text belong to a single part, the line-break is preserved. If the part identifier line has text data, then the part identifier is stripped off and the remainder treated as a regular line. If no part identifier is present for an error message, then all items are regarded as forming a single unidentified part. This part will be assigned as part 1. If a part identifier is skipped (eg. when Ids 1 and 3 are defined, but 2 is not), the skipped parts content is then undefined and could be any text from previous messages.

    Leading spaces leading spaces are suppressed automatically.

    Trailing spaces trailing spaces are preserved

    @ - if this symbol is used at the start of a line, then this symbol itself will be stripped away, and all characters behind it preserved until the end of the line. This is used to preserve leading spaces

    Blank lines blank lines are suppressed. To deliberately introduce a blank line, use the @ symbol at the start of a line.

    # - if any line starts with this symbol, then the entire line is ignored. Since leading space is ignored, the line is ignored even if this symbol is preceded by spaces. To include a line that actually starts with this symbol, use the '@' symbol.

     

    Examples

    [10000]

    <1> Instrument driver not initialised or linked

    This is the second line with leading space suppressed

    # this is a comment

    # this line is also a comment. It is not part of the message

    @ This is with leading space

     

    <2> Instrument not supported

    This is the second line

    @ This is with leading space

     

    [10001]

    This is a single part message. No part identifier is given

    [end]

     

    End-User License Agreement for Kingfisher Software
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    IMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY: This Kingfisher International End-User License Agreement ("EULA") is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and Kingfisher International for the Kingfisher software products, which include computer software and may include associated media, printed materials, and "online" or electronic documentation ("SOFTWARE PRODUCT"). By installing, copying, or otherwise using the SOFTWARE PRODUCT, you agree to be bound by the terms of this EULA. If you do not agree to the terms of this EULA, do not install or use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT; you may, however, return it to place of purchase for a full refund.

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      Warranty Back to contents page

      LIMITED WARRANTY. Kingfisher warrants that (a) the SOFTWARE will preform substantially in accordance with the accompanying written materials for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of receipt, and (b) any Kingfisher hardware accompanying the SOFTWARE will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of one (1) year from the date of receipt. Any implied warranties on the SOFTWARE and Kingfisher hardware are limited to ninety (90) days and one (1) year respectively. In states/jurisdictions which do not allow limitations on duration of an implied warranty, these limitation may not apply to you.

      CUSTOMER REMEDIES. Kingfisher's entire liability and your exclusive remedy shall be, at Kingfishers option, either (a) return of the price paid, or (b) repair or replacement of the SOFTWARE or hardware that does not meet this Limited Warranty and which is returned to Kingfisher with a copy of your receipt. This Limited Warranty is void if failure of the SOFTWARE or hardware has resulted from accident, abuse, or misapplication. Any replacement SOFTWARE or hardware will be warranted for the remainder of the original warranty period or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.

      NO OTHER WARRANTIES. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Kingfisher disclaim all other warranties, either express or implied, including, but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with regard to the SOFTWARE, the accompanying written materials, and any accompanying hardware. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights. You may have other which vary from state/jurisdiction to state/jurisdiction.

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      End of document